cars

Dataset statistics

Number of variables	9
Number of observations	392
Missing cells	0
Missing cells (%)	0.0%
Duplicate rows	0
Duplicate rows (%)	0.0%
Total size in memory	27.7 KiB
Average record size in memory	72.3 B

Variable types

NUM	8
CAT	1

Reproduction

Analysis started	2020-08-25 01:12:55.812310
Analysis finished	2020-08-25 01:13:06.382340
Duration	10.57 seconds
Version	pandas-profiling v2.8.0
Command line	`pandas_profiling --config_file config.yaml [YOUR_FILE.csv]`
Download configuration	config.yaml

Warnings

`cubicInches` is highly correlated with `cylinders` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`cylinders` is highly correlated with `cubicInches`	High correlation
`weightLbs` is highly correlated with `cubicInches`	High correlation
`brand` has 27 (6.9%) zeros	Zeros

MPG
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	127
Unique (%)	32.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	23.445918367346938
Minimum	9.0
Maximum	46.6
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.2 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	9
5-th percentile	13
Q1	17
median	22.75
Q3	29
95-th percentile	37
Maximum	46.6
Range	37.6
Interquartile range (IQR)	12

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	7.805007487
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.3328940826
Kurtosis	-0.5159934946
Mean	23.44591837
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	5.8
Skewness	0.4570923231
Sum	9190.8
Variance	60.91814187

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
13	20	5.1%
14	19	4.8%
18	17	4.3%
15	16	4.1%
26	14	3.6%
16	13	3.3%
19	12	3.1%
24	11	2.8%
28	10	2.6%
25	10	2.6%
22	10	2.6%
27	9	2.3%
23	9	2.3%
20	9	2.3%
29	8	2.0%
31	7	1.8%
17	7	1.8%
21	7	1.8%
30	7	1.8%
36	6	1.5%
12	6	1.5%
32	6	1.5%
17.5	5	1.3%
15.5	5	1.3%
20.2	4	1.0%
Other values (102)	145	37.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
9	1	0.3%
10	2	0.5%
11	4	1.0%
12	6	1.5%
13	20	5.1%
14	19	4.8%
14.5	1	0.3%
15	16	4.1%
15.5	5	1.3%
16	13	3.3%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
46.6	1	0.3%
44.6	1	0.3%
44.3	1	0.3%
44	1	0.3%
43.4	1	0.3%
43.1	1	0.3%
41.5	1	0.3%
40.8	1	0.3%
39.4	1	0.3%
39.1	1	0.3%

cylinders
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	5
Unique (%)	1.3%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	5.471938775510204
Minimum	3.0
Maximum	8.0
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.2 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	3
5-th percentile	4
Q1	4
median	4
Q3	8
95-th percentile	8
Maximum	8
Range	5
Interquartile range (IQR)	4

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.705783247
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.3117328825
Kurtosis	-1.398198638
Mean	5.471938776
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0
Skewness	0.5081092403
Sum	2145
Variance	2.909696487

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
4	199	50.8%
8	103	26.3%
6	83	21.2%
3	4	1.0%
5	3	0.8%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3	4	1.0%
4	199	50.8%
5	3	0.8%
6	83	21.2%
8	103	26.3%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
8	103	26.3%
6	83	21.2%
5	3	0.8%
4	199	50.8%
3	4	1.0%

cubicInches
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	80
Unique (%)	20.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	194.41326530612244
Minimum	68.0
Maximum	455.0
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.2 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	68
5-th percentile	85
Q1	105
median	151
Q3	275.75
95-th percentile	400
Maximum	455
Range	387
Interquartile range (IQR)	170.75

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	104.6428227
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.5382493962
Kurtosis	-0.7782892557
Mean	194.4132653
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	61
Skewness	0.7016875496
Sum	76210
Variance	10950.12034

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
97	21	5.4%
350	18	4.6%
98	18	4.6%
250	17	4.3%
318	17	4.3%
140	15	3.8%
400	13	3.3%
225	13	3.3%
91	12	3.1%
232	11	2.8%
302	11	2.8%
121	11	2.8%
151	9	2.3%
120	9	2.3%
351	8	2.0%
231	8	2.0%
90	8	2.0%
200	7	1.8%
105	7	1.8%
85	7	1.8%
304	7	1.8%
122	7	1.8%
79	6	1.5%
119	6	1.5%
156	6	1.5%
Other values (55)	120	30.6%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
68	1	0.3%
70	3	0.8%
71	2	0.5%
72	1	0.3%
76	1	0.3%
78	1	0.3%
79	6	1.5%
80	1	0.3%
81	1	0.3%
83	1	0.3%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
455	3	0.8%
454	1	0.3%
440	2	0.5%
429	3	0.8%
400	13	3.3%
390	1	0.3%
383	2	0.5%
360	4	1.0%
351	8	2.0%
350	18	4.6%

horsepower
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	93
Unique (%)	23.7%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	104.46938775510205
Minimum	46.0
Maximum	230.0
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.2 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	46
5-th percentile	60.55
Q1	75
median	93.5
Q3	126
95-th percentile	180
Maximum	230
Range	184
Interquartile range (IQR)	51

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	38.49115993
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.3684443908
Kurtosis	0.6969469997
Mean	104.4693878
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	19.5
Skewness	1.087326282
Sum	40952
Variance	1481.569393

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
150	22	5.6%
90	20	5.1%
88	19	4.8%
110	18	4.6%
100	17	4.3%
75	14	3.6%
95	14	3.6%
105	12	3.1%
67	12	3.1%
70	12	3.1%
65	10	2.6%
97	9	2.3%
85	9	2.3%
80	7	1.8%
145	7	1.8%
140	7	1.8%
72	6	1.5%
92	6	1.5%
78	6	1.5%
68	6	1.5%
84	6	1.5%
180	5	1.3%
115	5	1.3%
60	5	1.3%
71	5	1.3%
Other values (68)	133	33.9%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
46	2	0.5%
48	3	0.8%
49	1	0.3%
52	4	1.0%
53	2	0.5%
54	1	0.3%
58	2	0.5%
60	5	1.3%
61	1	0.3%
62	2	0.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
230	1	0.3%
225	3	0.8%
220	1	0.3%
215	3	0.8%
210	1	0.3%
208	1	0.3%
200	1	0.3%
198	2	0.5%
193	1	0.3%
190	3	0.8%

weightLbs
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	346
Unique (%)	88.3%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	2977.5841836734694
Minimum	1613.0
Maximum	5140.0
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.2 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1613
5-th percentile	1931.6
Q1	2225.25
median	2803.5
Q3	3614.75
95-th percentile	4464
Maximum	5140
Range	3527
Interquartile range (IQR)	1389.5

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	849.40256
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2852656743
Kurtosis	-0.8092593883
Mean	2977.584184
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	639.5
Skewness	0.5195856741
Sum	1167213
Variance	721484.709

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2130	4	1.0%
1985	4	1.0%
2125	3	0.8%
2945	3	0.8%
2265	3	0.8%
2720	3	0.8%
2155	3	0.8%
2300	3	0.8%
1950	2	0.5%
3940	2	0.5%
2930	2	0.5%
1937	2	0.5%
3425	2	0.5%
2110	2	0.5%
2065	2	0.5%
2408	2	0.5%
3672	2	0.5%
3725	2	0.5%
1825	2	0.5%
1990	2	0.5%
2670	2	0.5%
1965	2	0.5%
2045	2	0.5%
2164	2	0.5%
3410	2	0.5%
Other values (321)	332	84.7%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1613	1	0.3%
1649	1	0.3%
1755	1	0.3%
1760	1	0.3%
1773	1	0.3%
1795	2	0.5%
1800	2	0.5%
1825	2	0.5%
1834	1	0.3%
1835	1	0.3%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5140	1	0.3%
4997	1	0.3%
4955	1	0.3%
4952	1	0.3%
4951	1	0.3%
4906	1	0.3%
4746	1	0.3%
4735	1	0.3%
4732	1	0.3%
4699	1	0.3%

time-to-sixty
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	17
Unique (%)	4.3%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	15.681122448979592
Minimum	8.0
Maximum	25.0
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.2 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	8
5-th percentile	11
Q1	14
median	16
Q3	17
95-th percentile	20
Maximum	25
Range	17
Interquartile range (IQR)	3

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	2.761231566
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.1760863468
Kurtosis	0.5026648441
Mean	15.68112245
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	2
Skewness	0.3030136101
Sum	6147
Variance	7.62439976

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
16	64	16.3%
15	64	16.3%
14	49	12.5%
17	47	12.0%
13	35	8.9%
19	29	7.4%
18	29	7.4%
12	21	5.4%
11	13	3.3%
20	12	3.1%
21	8	2.0%
22	7	1.8%
10	6	1.5%
9	3	0.8%
24	2	0.5%
25	2	0.5%
8	1	0.3%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
8	1	0.3%
9	3	0.8%
10	6	1.5%
11	13	3.3%
12	21	5.4%
13	35	8.9%
14	49	12.5%
15	64	16.3%
16	64	16.3%
17	47	12.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
25	2	0.5%
24	2	0.5%
22	7	1.8%
21	8	2.0%
20	12	3.1%
19	29	7.4%
18	29	7.4%
17	47	12.0%
16	64	16.3%
15	64	16.3%

year
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	13
Unique (%)	3.3%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	1976.9795918367347
Minimum	1971.0
Maximum	1983.0
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.2 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1971
5-th percentile	1971
Q1	1974
median	1977
Q3	1980
95-th percentile	1983
Maximum	1983
Range	12
Interquartile range (IQR)	6

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	3.683736544
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.001863315412
Kurtosis	-1.16744622
Mean	1976.979592
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	3
Skewness	0.01968829963
Sum	774976
Variance	13.56991492

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1974	40	10.2%
1979	36	9.2%
1977	34	8.7%
1983	30	7.7%
1976	30	7.7%
1980	29	7.4%
1971	29	7.4%
1982	28	7.1%
1973	28	7.1%
1978	28	7.1%
1981	27	6.9%
1972	27	6.9%
1975	26	6.6%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1971	29	7.4%
1972	27	6.9%
1973	28	7.1%
1974	40	10.2%
1975	26	6.6%
1976	30	7.7%
1977	34	8.7%
1978	28	7.1%
1979	36	9.2%
1980	29	7.4%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1983	30	7.7%
1982	28	7.1%
1981	27	6.9%
1980	29	7.4%
1979	36	9.2%
1978	28	7.1%
1977	34	8.7%
1976	30	7.7%
1975	26	6.6%
1974	40	10.2%

brand
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

ZEROS

Distinct count	30
Unique (%)	7.7%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	13.323979591836734
Minimum	0
Maximum	29
Zeros	27
Zeros (%)	6.9%
Memory size	3.2 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	6
median	11
Q3	21
95-th percentile	29
Maximum	29
Range	29
Interquartile range (IQR)	15

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	8.558786423
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.6423596167
Kurtosis	-1.027448284
Mean	13.32397959
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	5
Skewness	0.3061704322
Sum	5223
Variance	73.25282504

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
11	48	12.2%
6	47	12.0%
21	31	7.9%
9	28	7.1%
0	27	6.9%
26	26	6.6%
8	23	5.9%
29	22	5.6%
3	17	4.3%
22	16	4.1%
13	13	3.3%
14	12	3.1%
16	11	2.8%
18	10	2.6%
10	8	2.0%
20	8	2.0%
1	7	1.8%
28	6	1.5%
7	6	1.5%
19	4	1.0%
25	4	1.0%
24	4	1.0%
23	3	0.8%
15	3	0.8%
4	2	0.5%
Other values (5)	6	1.5%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	27	6.9%
1	7	1.8%
2	2	0.5%
3	17	4.3%
4	2	0.5%
5	1	0.3%
6	47	12.0%
7	6	1.5%
8	23	5.9%
9	28	7.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
29	22	5.6%
28	6	1.5%
27	1	0.3%
26	26	6.6%
25	4	1.0%
24	4	1.0%
23	3	0.8%
22	16	4.1%
21	31	7.9%
20	8	2.0%

target
Categorical

Distinct count	3
Unique (%)	0.8%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	3.2 KiB

2	245
1	79
0	68

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2	245	62.5%
1	79	20.2%
0	68	17.3%

Length

Max length	1
Median length	1
Mean length	1
Min length	1

Overview of Unicode Properties

Unique unicode characters	3
Unique unicode categories (?)	1
Unique unicode scripts (?)	1
Unique unicode blocks (?)	1

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2	245	62.5%
1	79	20.2%
0	68	17.3%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Decimal Number	392	100.0%

Most frequent Decimal Number characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2	245	62.5%
1	79	20.2%
0	68	17.3%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Common	392	100.0%

Most frequent Common characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2	245	62.5%
1	79	20.2%
0	68	17.3%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	392	100.0%

Most frequent ASCII characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2	245	62.5%
1	79	20.2%
0	68	17.3%

Pearson's r

The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of linear correlation between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative linear correlation, 0 indicating no linear correlation and 1 indicating total positive linear correlation. Furthermore, r is invariant under separate changes in location and scale of the two variables, implying that for a linear function the angle to the x-axis does not affect r.

To calculate r for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Spearman's ρ

The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ) is a measure of monotonic correlation between two variables, and is therefore better in catching nonlinear monotonic correlations than Pearson's r. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative monotonic correlation, 0 indicating no monotonic correlation and 1 indicating total positive monotonic correlation.

To calculate ρ for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of the rank variables of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Kendall's τ

Similarly to Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient (τ) measures ordinal association between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative correlation, 0 indicating no correlation and 1 indicating total positive correlation.

To calculate τ for two variables X and Y, one determines the number of concordant and discordant pairs of observations. τ is given by the number of concordant pairs minus the discordant pairs divided by the total number of pairs.

Phik (φk)

Phik (φk) is a new and practical correlation coefficient that works consistently between categorical, ordinal and interval variables, captures non-linear dependency and reverts to the Pearson correlation coefficient in case of a bivariate normal input distribution. There is extensive documentation available here.

Count
Matrix

First rows

	MPG	cylinders	cubicInches	horsepower	weightLbs	time-to-sixty	year	brand	target
0	14.0	8.0	350.0	165.0	4209.0	12.0	1972.0	6	2
1	31.9	4.0	89.0	71.0	1925.0	14.0	1980.0	29	0
2	17.0	8.0	302.0	140.0	3449.0	11.0	1971.0	11	2
3	15.0	8.0	400.0	150.0	3761.0	10.0	1971.0	6	2
4	30.5	4.0	98.0	63.0	2051.0	17.0	1978.0	6	2
5	23.0	8.0	350.0	125.0	3900.0	17.0	1980.0	4	2
6	13.0	8.0	351.0	158.0	4363.0	13.0	1974.0	11	2
7	14.0	8.0	440.0	215.0	4312.0	9.0	1971.0	21	2
8	25.4	5.0	183.0	77.0	3530.0	20.0	1980.0	15	0
9	37.7	4.0	89.0	62.0	2050.0	17.0	1982.0	26	1

Last rows

	MPG	cylinders	cubicInches	horsepower	weightLbs	time-to-sixty	year	brand	target
382	17.6	8.0	302.0	129.0	3725.0	13.0	1980.0	11	2
383	19.0	3.0	70.0	97.0	2330.0	14.0	1973.0	14	1
384	36.0	4.0	79.0	58.0	1825.0	19.0	1978.0	23	0
385	33.0	4.0	105.0	74.0	2190.0	14.0	1982.0	29	0
386	25.0	4.0	113.0	95.0	2228.0	14.0	1972.0	26	1
387	25.5	4.0	122.0	96.0	2300.0	16.0	1978.0	21	2
388	21.0	6.0	155.0	107.0	2472.0	14.0	1974.0	16	2
389	11.0	8.0	318.0	210.0	4382.0	14.0	1971.0	9	2
390	17.0	6.0	163.0	125.0	3140.0	14.0	1979.0	28	0
391	36.0	4.0	105.0	74.0	1980.0	15.0	1983.0	29	0

Overview

Variables

Most occurring characters

Most occurring categories

Most frequent Decimal Number characters

Most occurring scripts

Most frequent Common characters

Most occurring blocks

Most frequent ASCII characters

Interactions

Correlations

Pearson's r

Spearman's ρ

Kendall's τ

Phik (φk)

Missing values

Sample

First rows

Last rows